Dams, and more specifically
hydroelectric power, provide the modern day world with a large portion of our
electricity. So how do these dams
generate such an immense amount of power?
A river is blocked off first, to allow the construction process to take
place. Than a large concrete barricade
is erected, and fitted with turbines and a path for the water to contact
them. The difference in water level
pushes water through channels in the dams.
This water rushes past turbines spinning them. The turbine in the generator is connected to
a shaft, which suspends large electromagnets.
The spinning of these magnets at high speeds generates a flow of
electrons, also known as electricity.
Some countries like Canada and Australia, have an extremely significant
amount of their power generated this way. The largest dam in the world is the ThreeGorges Dam in China.
Dams have little to
no air pollutants generated. In fact, dams
generate almost no waste products at all.
So why are we not building dams on every waterway? Well actually in the United States we are
doing quiet the opposite. We are
actually taking down a lot of dams. This
is for an array of reasons, but the biggest being environmental impact, which
at first glance seems very low. But
there are to many negative impacts to count in some ways. The first being displacement. Building a dam raises the water up stream,
often creating lakes. All to often, this
makes thousands of people relocate, especially in countries like China, were
the government seems all too willing to relocate citizens. Disrupting the natural path of water seems to
have a large impact on wildlife. Fish
that have a natural migration pater up these waterways like salmon, can no
longer make this journey. And because
they are usually headed up stream to bread, this means a severe decrease in
population. Slowing water flow also
makes water more stagnant upstream, which makes the dissolved oxygen content go
down. This also usually means fish found
upstream from a dam have increased parasites, and are more susceptible to
infection. Down stream we see these
effects for a different reason. As the
water goes through the dam it usually heats up.
This is either because it runs in a shallow stream down a shoot, or
because the water is used to cool moving parts, in turn heating it up. So downstream from the dam we see increased
water temperature. This encourages
bacteria and algae growth, which means lower dissolved oxygen. Also warmer water is not as capable of
holding dissolved oxygen. This really
hurts the ecosystem, because the wildlife in rivers are usually very delicate. So all this makes us ask ourselves are dams
worth it. On one side, fewer dams means
more energy generated from fossil fuels, which harm the environment too. But on the flip side, dams harm the
environment in other ways, and require a lot of resources to build. In conclusion, we need to access the impact
for that specific area to really decide if it is worth it.
Aquaculture is a fairly new
process in the modern world. When we
describe aquaculture we are usually talking about the farming of fish, but it
can involve aquatic plants, oysters, clams and even crayfish. Aquaculture is seeing a lot of growth across
the word just recently. With the worlds
ever growing population and seemly exponentially growing need for meat, we are
looking to aquaculture for answers. Fish
are one of the most efficient animals to raise.
They require much less resources than cows, pigs, or most other sources
of meat. Currently a great portion of
our fish is coming from the natural environment. And there is a sustainable way to harvest
fish. However we have done a great
amount of damage due to overfishing.
These are the reasons aquaculture is exploding. The process of aquaculture is really quiet
simple. There are a variety of ways to
grow fish in particular. The simplest
way is simply in an outdoor pound. This
also happens to be the most environmentally friendly way. Although you may not have as much yields as
you would other methods. The downside to
this is that you do not have complete control over the environment, and
fluctuating temperatures can be a danger.
Also outdoor predators and parasites can effect fish population. The second method and the one most growing in
popularity is the indoor tank method.
This method consists of large indoor tanks, but takes up much less space
than a pound. You can also grow the fish
in much higher densities. You have
control over water temperature, food distribution, etc. These systems are expensive to build and
require a relatively high amount of energy to run. However they can be built virtually anywhere,
and because they are usually indoors climate is not as much of a factor. Also you can use bio-filters to convert fish
waste to nitrates. This can than be used
to grow plants.
The third main way to do
aquaculture is to have a netted or caged area in a large body of water. This can means a pound or even the
ocean. New Zealand is a country that is
currently exploring the netted method.
You can raise a variety of species in the ocean, in a habitat similar to
what they would be in in the wild. Food
has to be supplied but water temperature and other factors are natural. This is a relatively low cost method in
smaller scales and if closer to shore were it is easily reached. The downside to this is the ocean can have
violent whether. Your enclosure has to
be able to sustain harsh conditions it may be exposed to. Existing floating fish farms have also
experienced some problems with predators of the ocean. This method can put the fish in the way of
sharks, birds, and in some cases, humans.
People have been caught fishing in these floating cages and
arrested. With muscles and other similar
animals, they are often grown on grates or screens. Because the animals are filter feeders, they
do not cost anything to feed. This is a relatively
environmentally friendly operation because muscles actually filter the water
and the operation produces little waste.
The downside is they take a long time to grow and produce relatively low
yields. Overall aquaculture is an
expanding field and will be growing in popularity as it becomes more
efficient.
The water we use everyday has
the potential to carry a lot of things we may not notice. Contaminated water can carry heavy metals,
chemicals, and more things that can harm us.
One of those things that we don’t think about too much in our everyday
lives is waterborne disease. Waterborne
diseases can come from a huge variety of sources. Some of the most common like cholera can
often come from sewage entering our drinking water. This can happen in water treatment plants
when they fail to fully decontaminate their water. It can also happen in when the water is in transportation if some
contaminate becomes entrained in a pipe carrying clean water. It can also happen in ground wells. This means some form of sewage, or waste has
seeped through the ground and contaminated a well from which someone is pulling
water. While wells are sometimes
contaminated in the United States, this is usually something more common in
third world countries. This is usually
due to lack of infrastructure. Treatment
of waste is something that often plagues these undeveloped countries. For the same reason, this waste is sometimes
actually discharged into water sources like rivers. Certain climates actually allow the bacteria
or microorganism to reproduce in the water.
This is something we in Ohio saw this summer in Lake Erie. Heavy rains this summer surpassed our
infrastructure’s capacity to carry water.
This resulted in a large amount of sewage/septic water entering Lake
Erie. This combined with high summer
temperatures created a perfect breading ground for bacteria. In 1993,
an outbreak of intestinal disorders and diarrhea occurred in Milwaukee and labs
discovered the presence of cryptosporidium in the water system throughout the
area. The protozoa infected about 400,000 people and it caused the most serious
waterborne disease outbreak in the United States. Cryptosporidium cysts are
difficult to detect, even in a well-equipped lab. And in 1993 we did not
have all the equipment we have today. So
this was a fairly difficult problem to solve.
The cyst formed by the protozoa is also difficult to kill because they
encapsulate themselves in a durable coating.
It was recommended residents boil their water for an extended period of
time or use bottled water. Dysentery is also a harmful condition that has affected
the U.S. in the past. It is actually
caused by two different organisms. One
of these is an ameba and the other is a shigella. A person can have symptoms of Dysentery after
ingesting as few as 10 of these organisms.
It is a very tricky thing to rid the water system of it once it is
entrained because it is resistant to many water treatment methods. Since sanitary conditions in the United States
have improved greatly this is something we don’t see as much of anymore. However, human waste (that has been treated)
is occasionally spread on fields in some states as fertilizers. It is obviously impossible to kill every
organism in that mixture. And
occasionally a few cases will pop up in the area due to a heavy rain resulting
in contamination.
We in this part of the
country (Ohio) tend to take plentiful clean water for granted. But in 2016, that cannot be said for the whole
country anymore. California is in the
middle of one of its biggest modern day droughts ever. It is currently getting water from other
parts of the United States because water is so scarce there. People are discouraged to water their grass
or even wash their cars.
But this is
not just a problem in California. In
fact it is a growing problem all over the world. This is largely because of the growing
population in the world, especially in third world countries. Have you ever thought about how much water
you really use a day? You may say the
water you drink and use to shower etc.
But there is a plethora of factors you don’t think about normally. What about your food? How much water does it take to raise a cow,
or grow the fruits and vegetables you eat.
The numbers would probably shock you.
So you see a person uses much more water than you think. So when you are adding thousands of people to
certain parts of the world annually it can be a big problem. The Middle East is the current hot bed for
such conflicts or “Water Wars”. And many
people speculate that water will be the topic surrounding the next big
war. And that may sound surprising at
first, but not so much when you think about it.
You can only survive about 3 days without water. So you can bet that people will do extremely
drastic things to get it. Add a drought
into the mix, and one country controlling the flow of a river to another, and
you have recipe for conflict. And it is
exactly that, that is happening now in the Middle East. Major dams on the Tigris and the Euphrates
are now seen as weapons of war. As
Islamic states like Iraq and Syria scramble for the liquid gold that is water. Old treaties are being re-evaluated due to
new conditions. Who get to uses the
water for what is up for dispute.
Currently (Sept 2016) the tensions are growing with every passing day
between many countries in the Middle East.
The UN is trying to intervene but is worried that this may be a conflict
that is resolved in war. It is
situations like this that make us realize how crucial water really is. Without water we can do virtually nothing,
and that includes simply living. Not
only is it our responsibility to conserve water, but also to keep it clean, so
we can re-use it. It is not out of this
world to think that someday the United States will have to deal with an issue
like this. The weather has shown us how quickly
climate and water supply can change, and at alarming magnitudes like in
California. Knowing this, it would be wise
to conserve as much water as we can now, and figure out new ways to keep it a
clean and renewable resource, for everyone to use.
Data:
Tree Location : 39°19'37.7"N 82°05'59.1"W
Lichen, probably something
you don’t think about too much. Lichen
grow on trees and rocks. They tend to be
grey or green coin sized patches on whatever surface the attach themselves
to. But what are they; they look like
some form of plant or fungi. Well if you
guessed either of those your actually right.
Surprisingly lichen are actually two organisms in one. The fungus and algae work together in a
process commonly referred to as symbiosis.
Symbiosis is the interaction
between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically
to the advantage of both. Beatrix
Potter, an English botanist, first speculated this. The fungi is bigger and gives the lichen most of its
structure. Where the smaller part, the
algae, is responsible for producing most of the energy for the duo, via
photosynthesis just like any other plant.
The roles that both the fungus and the algae contribute allow the lichen
to live in a wide variety of places.
Lichen come in all shapes and sizes.
However, there are three main types of lichen that are commonly
identified. Crustose, or crusty, lichen
are the flat spots you may most often see on rocks. They can look like spots scattered across
whatever service they are on. Another
type of lichen is the Foliose or leafy kind.
This is most commonly found on tree bark, it is larger and looks like
small leafs. Lastly there is the
fructicose kind, or the shrubby kind. In
our in class project, we are using lichen to asses air quality. The amount of lichen on a surface, in this
case a tree, can often indicate quality of the air. As pollutants inhibit the growth of
lichen. Also, being so fragile, and
taking so long to grow, a spike in pollution will have a huge effect on the
lichen population for us. Our group was
assigned trees all over Ohio University’s campus. I have included coordinates and pictures of
the tree I assessed. We took data more
than 1 meter above the ground for accurate readings. We
counted the colonies per quadrant, and than used a formula to get the standard
deviation for the tree. My tree was on
college green. The tree was fairly close
to several streets. This is important
because this means increased pollution when compared to a tree that would be in
the middle of the woods for example. In
this blog, you can see the results of my quadrant analyses. To collect this data, we used wooden or wire
templates with four squares cut into them.
We took data from the North, East, South, and West sides of the tree for
an accurate average. I have also
included pictures of the tree’s branches for species identification, as well as
a general site picture. Our hope is by
combining data, and looking at past data, we can get a general idea on the air
quality in the area. We should also be
able to see if there has been a decline or rise in pollution.
N:1,2,0,1
East: 0,1,1,1
South:0,2,0,1
West: 1,1,0,0
SD: 0.75
North:
East:
South:
West:
Branches:
Location:
